Accounting Scandal The Biggest Ponzi Scheme - 925 Words

Business ethics is an important characteristic of any business since it confirms that the purposes of any firms are achieved in morally acceptable ways. It also certifies that firms perform their moral responsibility towards society. Throughout the past several years, many scandals have rocked the economy and hurt investor confidence. Accounting scandals have become a regular incidence in the American business landscape, which will most likely to haunt other business in the years to come. Since accounting is the basis of all financial reporting, an accounting scandal does not only affect a business butt it also makes the government to rethink about its reforms or introduce new laws to the investors to make the investment market more secure for them. One of the biggest accounting scandal which affected the entire accounting system and even enforced the SEC and the US government to introduce new reforms was Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme; which have been regarded as the biggest Ponzi schem e in history. Bernie Madoff was an American investment adviser and stock broker who operated Madoff Investments in an unethically acceptable manner. He used the company as a front to commit a Ponzi scheme which swindled investors of over $65 billion; this is the largest Ponzi scheme ins history. It is believed that Madoff only stole $20 billion from principle investment; the rest of the money was Bernie imagination that he convinced his investors that their investment worth $65 billion. SeveralShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture, Management Philosophy And Ethics999 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization; from operations, marketing, and, accounting. No matter the size, industry or level of profitability of an organization, business ethics are one of the most important aspects of long-term success. According to Webster’s dictionary, ethics can be defined as the â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad† these rules influence every aspect of our society (I nvestopedia, N.D.) (Webster’s, N.D.). While sometimes overlooked, accounting plays a large role in many organizationsRead MoreMadoff1255 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will include a review of the Madoff Securities case. The Madoff Securities case involved the cunning Bernard L. Madoff swindling his clients to believe that he could guarantee them high profits. Madoff is the largest Ponzi scheme in history. Madoff Securities Case Bernard L. Madoff started the investment firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities (BLMIS). Bernard Madoff began trading securities from the 1960s. From as early asRead MorePonzi Scheme1146 Words   |  5 PagesPonzi Scheme Keller Graduate School Forensics Accounting The Bernie Madoff scam truly made history. Bernie Madoff probably would not have been able to prolong this scam without the continued help of the Accounting Firm of Friehling amp; Horowitz CPAs PC, who at last reported purported to audit financial statements and disclosures of Madoff firm for the last 17 years. Ponzi schemed to help Madoff by trying to go undetected because of Friehling deceiving investors and regulators by declaringRead MoreIt’s amazing the amount of financial scandals there has been happening during the past decade, most1200 Words   |  5 PagesIt’s amazing the amount of financial scandals there has been happening during the past decade, most of them from the financial banking system. Reckless management practices that try to lure the public with false statements in order to fill up their own pockets. Scandals such as, the Bernie Madoff with his ponzi scheme, The Libor Scandal with the fixed rates, as well as the famous scandal of the Lehman Brothe rs, all of them were great acts of corruption and unethical behavior, trying to abuse of theRead MoreAn Audit Of An Auditor2930 Words   |  12 PagesWhen using management’s statements, a user need to understand that the preparation of the financial statements requires management to make substantial accounting estimates and decisions, also in order to choose from among several alternative accounting principles and methods that are most appropriate within the guidelines of generally accepted accounting standards (GAAP). Role of an auditor The auditor’s role is different from the role of the management; the auditor is responsible for expressingRead MoreMadoff Scandal6132 Words   |  25 PagesCareer 2 The Firm 3 Sales Strategy 4 Investment Strategy 5 The Scandal 7 He was not alone 9 The Markopolos Whistle 11 The collapse 13 Charges and Sentence 13 The Victims 14 2009 Ponzi Schemes 16 The SEC Failure 17 SEC post- Madoff 19 Hedge Fund Transparency 20 Conclusion 21 Bibliography 25 Tables Table 1: List of Madoff Clients (taken from the The New York Times, last updated June 24, 2009) 15 Table 2: 2009 Ponzi Scheme SEC Charges 17 Figures Figure 1 Fairfield Sentry vs GatewayRead MoreEssay on White Collar Crimes in America3039 Words   |  13 Pagesprofessionals. These crimes are not victimless nor unnoticed. A single scandal can destroy a company and can lose investors millions of dollars. Today, fraud schemes are more sophisticated than ever, and through studying: Enron, LIBOR, Albert Wiggan and Chase National Bank, Lehman Brothers and Madoff, we find how the culprits started there deception, the aftermath of the scandal and what our country has done to prevent future scandals. In the 1920’s, Wall Street was a very different place than itRead MoreFinancial Fraud in Canada7212 Words   |  29 Pagesfraud†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦9 E-mail fraud/phishing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Identity theft and Title fraud†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 C) Investment Fraud: Ponzi Scheme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 History of the Ponzi Scheme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Recent financial scandals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......13 Ponzi Schemes and Market Regulation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Organized crime and financial crimes A) Organized Crime in Canada†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 B) Money laundering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Theory Of Corporate Criminal Liability Essay2567 Words   |  11 Pagesconsequent upon such a criminal behavior. (i) Scandals of The Century: One of the earliest of the 20th Century’s financial rogues was Italian immigrant Charles Ponzi, who served prison term in Canada for forgery before setting up a business in Boston and London when he discovered he could buy international postal coupons abroad, then resell them in the United States for a higher price. In what was known as a ‘Ponzi scheme’ or a pyramid scheme, Ponzi pooled money from his initial investors, who madeRead MoreMadoff Scandal1822 Words   |  8 PagesThe Madoff Scandal: 50 billion questions and few answers Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Description of Events †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Analysis of Scenario †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Questions about Madoff †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Solutions and Alternatives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Abstract Bernie Madoff ran the biggest in the history of the world. The details

The Gold book Report Example

Essays on The Gold book Report Book Report/Review The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement- Book Report The Goal: A Process of Ongoing Improvement (Goldratt Cox, 1986) is one of the few management books which attempts to explain the jargons rather than defining them. It is also about managerial practices which enable the managers to shift their attention from urgent things to important things by recognising the bottlenecks (or the weakest link in the chain of production). The book adapts a scenario where the plant manager, Alex Rogo, is caught in the urgent tasks of daily operations and loses the focus on important goals of the existence of the plant. It is a story of his struggle to turn around a failing plant in three months. He is helped in his struggle by Jonah, his teacher, whose questions force Alex Rogo to rethink the validity of conventional wisdom. Through this story, Goldratt states that improving what you already do best will not lead to increased business for a manufacturing concern. Rather, improvement efforts should be focussed upon the constraints or the bottlenecks (factors that stall/slowdown the production process). In technical words it is known as theory of constraints, which talks about increasing the performance of the constraint which directly affects the goal. He says that all the activities of the system could be divided into throughput, operating expense and investment. Throughput is money (goal units) while investment is money invested by the concern to sell the goods (inventory). Operating expense is turning investment into throughput. To achieve the goal, the first step is to identify the bottlenecks. Once the bottlenecks are identified, they should be tapped to their full potential. Rest of the production system should be adjusted to ensure that bottlenecks deliver to their full capacity. Make changes in th e system to upgrade the constraint/bottleneck so that it no longer remains the bottleneck. Buffers should be created both before and after the bottleneck so as to maintain the flow of work in case of any contingency. The Goal drives home the fact that all the activities in an organization are part of a bigger task which is to make money. Only when an organization makes money, it will be able to survive and grow further. All other tasks are important to make money but they are not the purpose or reason of the existence of an organization. People, working at different levels of the organization, get so engrossed in their daily routine chores that they forget to ask themselves if their efforts are contributing to the achievement of goal or not. The author asserts is that employees should never lose focus of their goals. Each of their activities should be aligned to the purpose of the organization which is to make money. They should not get lost in the managerial jargons and numbers and keep an eye on the goal which doing daily tasks. Further, through Alex Rogo, the plant manager, the author conveys that when you fall into the habit of doing fire-fighting for such things which otherwise should be everyday tasks, the stress shows in personal matters also. Alex Rogo’s relationship with his wife was on a decline due to his absolute involvement in his official issues. Though the central theme of the book is about identifying and achieving the goal, Goldratt’s has successfully managed to convey the importance of team work in achieving the goal. This throws light on very important aspect of operations management whereby the operations should be carried out in such a way that it is profitable for the department/organization as a whole and not to implementer’s unit alone. Through this book, Goldratt has subtly communicated how the basic managerial functions of setting an objective, planning, organizing, implementing, monitoring and controlling hold perfectly true for any organization on any given day. I have applied the managerial practices in my training stint with a software company. The company used to sell software to streamline the marketing and operations of the insurance companies. I was part of a team which used to prepare RFPs to the prospective customers. There were three members in the team, apart from me, and all three were from insurance backgrounds with adequate product knowledge. My job was to consolidate the various portions of the RFP prepared by different team members, format it and upload it in the system before the deadline expired. As is the case with the deadlines, the team used to submit their final portions of the RFP hardly fifteen minutes prior to the expiry. It used to become impossible for me to consolidate, format and upload the entire document (sometimes 550 pages long) before the expiry of the deadline. After we missed two deadlines in the row, we decided to take stock of the situation. I was the bottleneck since I could not finish my task in fifteen minutes. Others said that the quality demands are so high and time so less that they cannot submit their portions even one hour before the deadline expiry. After brainstorming it was decided, that to enable me to cut down on time, the team would divide their portions into sub-parts. They will send me each part as soon as they finish it and not wait for the entire portion to be completed. This would enable me to consolidate and format the document throughout the day and thus meet the deadline. The solution ensured that the bottleneck was made to work throughout the day and not in the last fifteen minutes. Thus the capacity of the bottleneck was fully utilised and others adjusted their work towards this purpose. Bibliography Goldratt, E., Cox, J. (1986). The Goal; A Process of Ongoing Improvement. New York: North River Press.

The Effects Of Aristotelian Teleological Thought O Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of Aristotelian Teleological Thought O Essay n Darwins MechanistThe Effects of Aristotelian Teleological Thought on Darwins Mechanistic Views ofEvolutionJordan HoffmanThe need to understand organisms has been a much sought goal ofscience since its birth as biology. History shows Aristotle and Charles Darwinas two of the most powerful biologists of all time. Aristotles teleologicalmethod was supported widely for over 2,000 years. One scientist remarks thatthe Aristotelian teleology has been the ghost, the unexplained mystery whichhas haunted biology through its whole history (Ayala, 10). If Aristotlesapproach has frightened biology, then Darwin, who actually nicknamed himselfthe Devils Chaplain, and his idea of natural selection has virtually dissectedAristotles ghost. While Aristotle explained biology through a plan and apurpose, Darwin debated that randomness and chaos are responsible for theorganic world as we know it. Guiseppe Montalenti, an Italian geneticist andphilosopher of biology, wrote that Darwins ideas were a rebell ion againstthought in the Aristotelian-scholastic way (Ayala, 4). In order tounderstand how Darwinism can be considered a revolt against Aristotle, we mustfirst inspect Aristotles ideas and thoughts about biology. Aristotle used teleology to explain the harmony and final results of theearth. Teleology is the study of the purpose of nature. Aristotle believedthat scientists should follow the plan adopted by mathematicians in theirdemonstrations of astronomy, and after weighing the phenomena presented byanimals, and their several parts, follow consequently to understand the causesand the end results. Using this method, Aristotle constructed causes for bodyparts and processes of the human body, such as sundry types of teeth. Aristotle elucidated on this topic: When we have ascertained the thingsexistence we inquire as to its naturewhen we know the fact we ask the reason(Evans, 82). Despite Aristotles frequent teleological explanations, he did warnagainst teleology leading to misinterpretations of facts. In a short writing onthe reproduction of bees in Generation of Animals, Aristotle was troubled thatthere were insufficient observations on the subject, and warns that his theoryis dependent on facts supporting the theory. One twentieth century biologistbelieves that Aristotle did not often enough follow his own advice. Ayalaprinted that Aristotles error was not that he used teleological explanationsin biology, but that he extended the concept of teleology to the non-livingworld.(56)Some biologists say Aristotle used teleology so often because order andpurpose, both in the universe and life, were immensely important to him. Aristotle thought it was both ridiculous and impossible that chance, which isnot linked with order, could be used to explain occurrences in biology. In oneof his writings, he criticized Empedocles for the use of chance to describebiology. Aristotle believed that Empedocles, then, was in error when he saidthat many of the characters presented by animals were only the results ofincidental occurrences during their evolutionary growth. As a vitalist, Aristotles philosophy also had a powerful influenceon what he wrote. His beliefs are described in On the Soul and On theGeneration of Animals. These thoughts can be epitomized into four main areasof Aristotles vitalistic belief:1. He connects the life of an organism with its psyche. 2. He finds purposefulness and organic unity as the most significant sectionsof vitalism. 3. He debates that the entire body, rather than the parts, should be taken intoaccount. 4. He emphasizes the soul as the final goal. Looking at these four traditions, it is not shocking that Aristotle thought thatsingle limbs, such as an arm, was a good description of organisms. This couldbe compared to a house being called bricks and mortar. Rather than concentrateon individual variability and individual pieces, Aristotle believed that it wasproper to concentrate on the final cause of the entire entity. Aristotleaccepted that the soul was probably the final cause, and his Parts of Animalssays now it may be that the form of any living creature is soul, or some partof soul, or something that involves soul. Aristotles ideas and traditions continued on their path long after hisphysical shell passed away. In the 12th and 13th century, Aristotlesphilosophy was re-founded and incorporated into Christian philosophy by St. Thomas Aquinas. During the Renaissance, when the earth was discovered to nolonger be the center of the universe, Aristotles astronomical systems brokedown, but his biological theories remained intact. This does not mean allpeople accepted Aristotles theories during the Renaissance, however. Onephilosopher from the twentieth century, Mayr, accuses Aristotles teleology ofthe non-organic world for the refutation of Aristotle by Descartes and Bacon. Both of these men criticized the existence of a form-giving, finalisticprinciple in the universe and believed this rejection demanded the removal ofall teleological useseven biology (Mayr, 38). The Great Gatsby Argumentative EssayHowever much confused about teleology, Darwin did not think the worldshould be explained in terms of its purpose in the universe. Once, Darwin askedthe question, What would the astronomer say to the doctrine that the planetsmoved not according to the laws of gravitation, but from the creator havingwilled each separate planet to move in its particular orbit? (Burrow, 48). Darwin is referring to the breakdown between astronomy and religion, physics andchemistry that happened during the Renaissance period. Darwin suggested theinclusion of biology as a hard science so that other sciences like physics andchemistry would not be unfairly built on the organization of knowledge, based ontestable, working hypotheses. The theory of evolution was not formed by Darwin. Ideas of manprogressing from smaller life existed even in Ancient Greece. Empedoclesevolution theory involved the coming together of limbs, while Xenophanesthought that humans came into existence from earth and water. Darwinsbeginning to the Origin of the Species is mostly a listing of antecedents tophilosophers of evolution, and what views they held. One of these predecessorswas Darwins grandfather, Eramus Darwin. Why Charles Darwin was more powerful than the other evolutionaryscientists was his theory of natural selection as the vehicle of evolution. Darwin credits the inspiration of his natural selection theory to reading T.R. Malthus Essay on Population (1798). In this essay, Malthus tried to show anequilibrium viewpointunless checked by famine, disease or voluntary restraint,population growth will outrun food supply. Darwins theory was finished by thetime he wrote the sketch of 1842 but he did not release it for twenty yearsbecause he wanted to produce a large work with both his own evidence for hisideas, and evidence of other naturalists (Ospovat, 1). Darwin was made topublish his own theory earlier than planned, when he learned that anothernaturalist was planning to publish a similar one. (Coincidentally, the othernaturalist, Alfred Wallace, was inspired by the same essay). Darwins theory completely changed biological philosophy. With histheory came the recognition that the self(individual) is the most vital unit ofbiological change, and that this polymorph happens due to total chance. In histheory, Charles Darwin suggested that there is a Struggle for existence. Thisstruggle was later put into use for support within several arguments. BritishImperialists attempted to rationalize their operations by arguing that Darwinismsuggested the strong must overpower the weak. In the late 19th century,Passionate Nationalism caused members of each nationality to trust that theirnation was the most powerful. And, in the early 20th century, Hitler and otherNazi party members used Darwins work to suggest the biological necessity forwar and survival of the fittestIn this case, Hitler was referring to the Aryans. Such controversies could not be upheld using biological ideas ofAristotle, since his conception of species included the abstraction that allindividuals were alike. Distinct differences, like eye color, areinconsequential because they are not promoted by a conclusive objective. However, individual contrarieties are the cornerstone of evolution throughnatural selection. Without these differences, evolution could not come to pass. For this reason, individuality is seen by biologists as the most meaningfultrait of biological organisms. A few scientists try to describe evolutionteleologically. This proof, of course, is not possible, as evolution throughnatural selection cannot be described as goal-oriented since it happens due toprevious events or transformations, not in anticipation of coming events. If wewere goal-oriented, natural selection would not be supple enough to be useful inrapidly changing environments (Mayr, 43). ReferencesAristotle. The Works of Aristotle, Encyclopedia Britannica. New York, 1952Ayala, F.J. and Tobzharsky, T. Studies in the Philosophy of Biology. University of California Press. Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1974. Burrow, John. Editor introduction to Charles Darwins Origin of the SpeciesPenguin books. England, 1968. Evans, G. The Physical Philosophy of Aristotle. University of New MexicoPress. Albuquerque, 1964. Kirk, G., Raven, J. and Schofield, M. The Presocratic Philosophers. CambridgeUniversity Press. Cambridge. 1983. Mayr, Ernst. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology. Harvard University Press. 1988. Moore, Ruth. Evolution. Time-life books. Alexandria, Virginia. 1980. Simpson, George The Meaning of Evolution. Yale University Press. New Havenand London. 1949.

Operation Management

Question: Identify and define a problem or opportunity, gather data, analyse the data, investigate options and propose a solution to the problem or propose how the opportunity may be realised. The group is also required to plan the implementation of the initiative. The project is not about a general description of the operations management of the organisation. Answer: Another matter with stock running is the quantity of routine asked for by IGA to supply and to put on brackets. If all else fails, the measure of standard is so considerable that they consume to put the practice on the standard that will be complete in few days or months (Bernard, 1999). Obviously, in the midst of top diurnal and times, the frames of IGAs can be understood hunk Moreover, they have to give a reduction on those clothes that purchaser keep up a key allotment from to purchase as an ensuing repercussion of their extraordinary incidentals. Introduction IGA is more than an essential banner it's more than private engraving stock on the rack. The IGA Brand is remarkably made for the free who needs to get to the security the legacy also, the affiliations and relationship of a brand trusted locally over the United States for more than eight decades years. To be honest, the IGA Brand now associates far and wide to Australia, South America, Russia, Europe, Korea, Caribbean, China, and way beyond. IGAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©largest relationship of free and standard foremost need retailers in the United States and around the globe. With the backing of Alliance individuals like driving IGA wholesalers and smart moving client stock affiliations known as IGA Red Oval Partners. IGAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©Storesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©a unblemished lead the IGA clarification behind slant is a provenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©marketingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©strategy proposed to take the estimation of your business to the join level by rede signing your made neighborhood character (van Gelder 39-48). The eighty years of legacy behind the IGA trademark sets with professionallyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ designed errands to help independents level à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©field à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ © playà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ © in today's excellent retail environment Company Overview IGA or Self-governing Grocers of Australia is an undertaking of shops in Australia. IGA themself is stated by Metcash, however particular IGA stores are uninhibitedly had. It is an area variety of all-inclusive Americans Self-governing Grocers Organization. Its crucial opponents are IGAs, Aldi, and Food works, Coles and previously BI-LO. IGA has additional around five thousand outlets in 30 countries around the globe. IGA remained accepted on to Australia in 1988 by David's Holdings while ten outlets had the chance to be individuals commencing from IGA. In Australia there are overall 1400 stores. Adding to these there are 3 IGA commercial organizes in Western region of Australia which are IGA, Progressive Supa and Supa IGA. In the year 2005 Metcash got enlisted in the Foodland Associated. As a remarkable portion of this acquisitions the independent arrangement of Supa Value Supermarkets, Dewsons Express and co. and Action, which got their supplies from FAL transformed their actions t o IGA while having the same free possession (SCHULZ. 105-116, 2009). A social affair of eleven Action superstores that had remained functioned by FAL was vended to a grouping and these shops now commenced as Advanced Supa IGA. Metcash presently embraces a degree keenness for these outlets. The sprawling remains of the Action Superstores were vended to liberated chief supervisors who run their business under the name of Supa IGA. The head office of IGA is still located at 218 Banister Road, Western Australia. Business process To enhance ability and earn respect in the trade, Davids started mechanical redesigns in their retail come wholesale functioning, acclimating distinctive headways with Australia: point of interaction through electronic information for retailer requesting; case marks; retail leave names; scanners and assorted structures took after reliably (Valiris and Glykas 445-480). Today Metcash proceeds with the agreements by its facilitator; and is perceived as an innovator accessible for practice; warehousing inclination and a forerunner in advancement agenda and operative logistics. In late 1980s the over-all merchandizing stock of IGA was accustomed with Australia. IGA has persisted a forerunner selling barrage for self-governing stores and is a unique type of association's most famous trademarks. On 4th of September 2000 The Metcash Trading renamed to Davids (Veljanovski). The designation sees the crucial share of South African which has Metro Cash and Carry as a superior stakeholder from ye ar 2000 to 2004in the significant sequence of the association. In the later part of 2005 Metcash made a significant progress all past FAL outlets under Dewson, SupaValu and Action outlets that come across IGA basics were taken under the brand of IGA. In early part of 2010 Metcash added 50.1% of Miter 10, the thumping apparatus trade with more than 350 actively certified Miter 10 outlets and additional 450 non-named autonomous patrons. Miter 10 amalgamated the Metcash agreement with a 50 years past of supportive free home-based alteration and equipment venders, who are a dominant portion of quarter social events from place to place in Australia. The epicenter for Miter 10 is to make era framework enhancements and gather a solid stock and propelling model (Bird 265, 2011). Participation, Conversion and Production The main transformation to enrich the relationship management between customers by IGA was implementing SAP. For buying products of known brands IGA was making it cheap as well as easily available source for the customers and at a reasonable price. Development of module for the promotion management was related to the last stage of the project. For indulging promotional offers the organization started giving training (Mohammad 4-8, 2015) s. Currently, on food, petrol and liquor business of the company is getting promotional application. This sector solely provides 90% incomes of the assembly. Figure 1: Existing Processes Approach of IGA Recently IGA is considered as an organization have various superstore in the country. To provide customers products that are fresh and having good quality is the sole strategy of the company. As IGA is known one of the best grocery retail chain in the country; hence the company emphasizes on further investment for opening various outlets and stores and also increasing the quality of services which will be provided to the customers. The organization digs out its income to make better processes ("Special Issue Of Production And Operations Management : Retail Operations" 127-127). The stock availability as well as the service to the customers both are improved equally. The figure showed below states the strategy which the organization is maintaining currently to improve its system and also enhancing quality in the companys supply chain. Figure 2: Porters Generic Strategy A business is affected by five forces according to porter. These five forces include buyers, suppliers, competitors, new entrants, and substitute products. All these forces were always taken seriously by IGA and were given importance as well. The reason behind the activity of the company about emphasizing on innovation for providing best customer service quality at a reasonable rate (Mckeown, 2012). The organization has always judged the outside environment which might affect its income. The organization plans its strategies in respect to the Generic strategies of Porters. Porters generic strategy has four different kinds. Cost leadership strategy which states supplying customers the cheapest products. The organization meet this strategy by lowering its charges and by enhancing the relation along with the suppliers for developing a mechanism of smooth supply chain (Schneible Jr.). The next strategy is focus strategy; the companys main focus are the customers always. IGA have always tried to give their best effort in servicing the customers at a very reasonable rate. The other two are associated to differentiation strategies. To provide services to the customers the organization follows differentiation strategy. Providing differentiated and innovative services to its customer has always been the main focus of the company. Though the organization has got accustomed to the differen t strategies but still it is dependent on the products and services it offers to the customers. A concise summary of the strategies taken by IGA is given in the figure below: Figure 3: IGAs Present Account Administration Scheme To enhance the system of rolling is the most important purpose of such activity. It facilitates IGA in deciding perfect ordering list and lowering the account points to decrease charge and deliver renewed yields. IGAs account administration scheme is shown below: Figure 4: Inventory management issues IGA was considered as a best retailer of the country a few years ago. The sales of the organization declined all of a sudden and increase in cost. The company dropped their charge by downscaling, but remained that a charge decrease or convertible of consumption (Muller, 2003). If the case is regarding the reduction of cost then its useless as the organization have to fix all the problems. Whereas, if its regarding charge decrease it could comprise that charge which may be essential for successively the trade. They familiarized the tenure of slender marketing as an explanation. This development strength be respectable but it workings mostly in industrial sector rather than transaction. This tenure only earnings best management, which has no influence to cure the significances of substituting the perception of the consumers. The suggestions of the affiliation to declining the charge by two thousand dollars at each professional part store saw reducing just which may affect the system fo r affiliations and the morals of the bosses ("Inventory Management" e295-e363). Along these lines, the racks were depleted which were by then filled by the staff. This, as time goes on, weakened the cash flawless circumstances of the connection. Thusly, it was exhibited that the procedure was confused. The theories of the affiliation were not in the right heading. The inspiration driving meeting of the management was transient unwittingly to the insufficiency of the whole game plan. The quality management Guru Edwards Deming prescribed that replicating invited change and the affiliation needs good 'old fashioned changes, especially in the organization together. They require another hallucination of the occupational rather than merely varying to equipment. Client associations issues At that point close stock organization issue, complexities of the customers developed. Issue of the customers on a to an incredible degree essential level focus on extended regarding, poor customer affiliations, pounded vegetables and meat, and getting together of consistently understood brands. The union used to control stock wrongly (Pinhanez 3-13, 2009). The key issue in restocking was the nonappearance of staff. The key issue and issue are that IGAs was always offending the issue of customer protestations. They are through and through dismissing the issue of customer determination. Future Strategies IGA needs to adjust neighborhood brand with rot stock cost that prompts disabling of the phenomenal position of the plot. To pick issue related to outlandish stock, IGA may attempt with suppliers and emissary association reasonably make immaculate utilization of Economic Order Quantity that is used for brain blowing material association (Serrano and Kraiselburd). This is a reasoning that is used to pick the measure of material that should be kept up, asked for and when they should be asked. The inspiration driving money related asking for the entire methodology is to minimize the asking for and stock holding expense and then ensuring beautiful stock is amped up for locale current issues. The strategy can be gone on numerically as: Imminent approach associated to customer service Retailing continues changing which make it enchanting for pioneers. The present customers seek after down quality and IGA Limited needs to give more choices at their doorstep to move web shopping than at whatever time in late memory to pull in customers. In the centrality centered period, customers are at the driving seats of affiliations. The shopping direct and tastes of the customers keep changing on the reason of operations of the affiliations. IGA should respond quickly to the changing need of the customers in the present putting aside a couple of minutes layout, as this time is flooding with challenges and opportunities. The future structure for the affiliation should be to put the customers at the heart of business (Wang). The alliance needs to listen them and proceed to the table imaginative systems for shopping. IGA should give things overhauled costs also showed prize endeavors. To maintain a strategic distance from the disagreements identified with destroyed vegetables and regular things they ought to put new verdant supports on their racks. IGA ought to give persevering transport of brand over all mediums. They may build up a framework to settle the client protestations in under twenty-four hours. Enactment Purposes of future strategies With a specific completed goal to update execution in the powerful period, the affiliation needs to concentrate on the running with degrees to upgrade execution. Their execution targets may pivot: Reducing the reliance over old frameworks and to make structures, which are independent and robotized. Provision of worth stock and associations to clients. To advancement adaptability in their operations to show changes as indicated by the propelling necessities. To enhance the rate of associations and development of things by working up a proficient and serious creation framework system. To give things at the best sticker costs, The Company made solid relations with suppliers to enhance store framework which will at last point of interest the clients by giving them less immoderate things (Prez-Llantada 221-235). Conclusion Metcash has constantly stayed as one of the best and trusted retailer in Australia. Despite competition the association has functioned well in the business area and have turned out to be industriously. On the reason of general examination by the association its clear that Metcash have established direct as well as immaculate system for customer immovability change. The association have stayed in gathering support practices as well. The basic part is that the progression of the buyers as well as the shareholders, the association has developed a easy store system which has helped the association to give the best quality things to buyers at a less costly price. This exhibit moreover structures buyer constancy. The company have continually based on improvement for acquisition of better things and organizations. The fundamental things that are negative which has been viewed instead of recklessness in the latest couple of years, the association has stayed low profile in internet organizing which has constantly been a focal point of its competitors. Due to this issue the association fail to totally guarantee its possible business part. The buyers of Metcash are individuals instead of an organization so customers have a huge amount of impact for the association. Recommendations The alliance is psyche blowing in contributing intense expenses, still the connection has to aim more on expense affiliation system. The connection has created an OK stock system arrange yet key affiliations might help the company in demonstrating at change rates and specifically in transforming into overall place all through the world. In the later years the connection focused on lowering the cost to the shortcoming of delegates, the association need to target on HR since it's the human resource department which deals with the customers. References Anderson, Dale L, Paul Franklin Shaffer, and Marvin D Volz.Improved Methods Of Displaying And Handling Produce In Retail Food Stores. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service, Transportation and Facilities Research Division, 1962. Print. Bernard, Paul.Integrated Inventory Management. New York: John Wiley, 1999. Print. Bird, Jo. "The Retail Dominance Of Supermarkets In Australia: A Growing Geography Of Pseudo-Foods And Its Implications For Obesity".IJLSE4.3 (2011): 265. Web. HamdanMohammad, Adel. "Innovative Guidelines To Enrich Knowledge Management And Improve Organization Performance".International Journal of Computer Applications110.9 (2015): 4-8. Web. "Inventory Management".Vox Sanguinis98.3p1 (2010): e295-e363. Web. Kosorukov, Oleg Anatolyevich and Olga Alexandrovna Sviridova. "Effective Strategy Formation Models For Inventory Management Under The Conditions Of Uncertainty".International Education Studies8.7 (2015): n. pag. Web. Lovelock, Christopher H.Services Marketing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Print. Mckeown, Max.The Strategy Book. Harlow, England: Pearson, 2012. Print. Muller, Max.Essentials Of Inventory Management. New York: AMACOM, 2003. Print. Prez-Llantada, Carmen. "The Article Of The Future: Strategies For Genre Stability And Change".English for Specific Purposes32.4 (2013): 221-235. Web. Pinhanez, Claudio. "Services As Customer-Intensive Systems".Design Issues25.2 (2009): 3-13. Web. Schneible Jr., Richard A. "Information Transfer And Firm-Level Generic Strategy".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. SCHULZ., T. "CONSUMPTION OF GROCERIES".Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics Statistics10.4 (2009): 105-116. Web. Serrano, Alejandro and Santiago Kraiselburd. "Economic Order Quantity And The Value Of The Firm".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. "Special Issue Of Production And Operations Management : Retail Operations".Production and Operations Management18.1 (2009): 127-127. Web. Valiris, George and Michalis Glykas. "Business Analysis Metrics For Business Process Redesign".Business Process Mgmt Journal10.4 (2004): 445-480. Web. van Gelder, Sicco. "Global Brand Strategy".J Brand Manag12.1 (2004): 39-48. Web. Veljanovski, Cento. "Metcash, Market Power And Counterfactuals".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. Wang, Lu-in. "When The Customer Is King: Employment Discrimination As Customer Service".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web.

Islam, Democracy and the West Summary

Introduction Benazir Bhutto’s final chapter in her anthology talks of Reconciliation as the key to solve both the internal and external differences of the Islam. In her opinion, there are a number of things that hamper development and democracy. This summary breaks down the entire chapter into the main points she discuss in a series of concise paragraphs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Democracy and the West Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Islam, Democracy and the West The world is experiencing a split between the Muslims and the western world. The interpretation of the Sharia is hardly the problem.  Neither is the language used in the Holy Quran, nor the succession of the Holy Prophet by the divided Shiite and Sunni communities. In fact, these differences can be attributed to the Muslim-on-Muslim violence and the rigidity of the Islamic nations’ cultures, as well as their beliefs . These beliefs and cultures prevent Muslims from adopting modernism. She asserts that unless reforms happen, Muslims might not survive long enough to prosper in the current evolving times. Observational reviews on suggested reform The Muslim intelligentsia has constantly addressed the issue of reforms through speeches and poems in forums. Other facets regarding necessary reforms include mass education, economic progression, and democracy. Unfortunately, such changes require that democracies come up to protect reformists so that they do not get swayed by their dictatorial regimes. Dictatorial regimes in Islamic nations choke off the nations from the freedom of innovation. Mohammed Iqbal, a Muslim reformist and author, related the problems of non-reformism in Islamic nations to the traditional teachings/schools of Islam-ism. Iqbal asserts that old Islamic teachings should be overcome by modern twentieth century reforms. By so doing, he urged for the revision of the principles of fait h. Iqbal called for textual reconstruction of the Prophet’s ultimate principles so that Islamic nations can achieve spiritual democracy. Professor Fazul Rehman affirms Iqbal’s postulation that the modern negativity exhibited by Muslims in the medieval centuries contrasts the Quran’s teachings. He asserts that one might simply be appalled upon juxtaposing the two. It is important to note that Nurcholish Majdid also pushed for review, reinvention, and reinvigoration of Muslim theology based on the evaluation of both social and historical factors used in the original precepts. His reason is that they ought to get rid of erroneous doctrines.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another reformist is Abdul Karim Soroush asserts that text alone has no weight if it does not continuously evolve and reflect understanding and new construction on the text. It is important to note ho w similar and bland the Quran’s teachings are in comparison to the Islamic extremities experienced in recent years. According to Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, Muhammad forbids Muslims from making any visual depictions of Him in a bid to discourage idolatry. He also urges that Islamic beliefs should not be imposed on people of other faiths, thus even in Islamic nations,  Muslims cannot impose their legal precepts or culture on others. Other reformist thinkers who share these views include Muhammad Khalid Masud, K. H. Abdurrahman Wahid, and Dr. Muhammed Arkkoun. Changing the Islamic beliefs and Culture One of the propositions fronted by Islamic reformists is the inclusion of modern teachings and reforms on traditional theology. These modern teachings are to be taught to young ones in society and in schools. It is feared that the Islamic extremism has risen of late and that the threat of terrorism has resulted in the intimidation of reformists such that their messages are lost in t he din of violent messages. Democracies help by providing protection to reformists whose intentions are modernizing the theology of Islamic teachings. Bhutto believes that if extremism and militancy are defeated, then the internal battles and the divide abound Islamic states can be eradicated. Additionally, she states that Islamic nations should adopt democracy if they wish to succeed. In so doing, the various social classes are equally catered for, and they acquire opportunities for prosperity. She supports this by giving an example of the Indian democracies that are at the vanguard of Indian technologies used globally. Democracy and development are linearly related. Similarly, introducing modern education systems enhances reforms on Islamic theology and gives hope and a real opportunity as a prerequisite for democracy (Bhutto, 287). Another pillar that supports democracy in Islamic nations is the eradication of the militant Madrassas, which focus on training Muslims in militant tr aining camps. These deny the children time to acquire the necessary primary education. Madrassas brainwash the children into soldiers. Teaching hatred and violence does not achieve the democracy for which reformists urge Islamic nations to seek. Economic development and education participate in improving the economy of a nation. Examples given where education is denied to children suffer poor economies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islam, Democracy and the West Summary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gender Equality is another fundamental change that must be adopted to equalize society and offer equal opportunity to women in Muslim nations for a democracy to thrive. This ought to be introduced in schools to ensure it is instilled in children as they grow up to form a stable society. Eventually, such a society will not tolerate gender inequality. Micro credits are widely used in other parts of the world. Bhut to suggests that the establishment of banks was good, but she also believes that microcredit institutions should come up in a thriving democracy in order to assist in the development of better businesses and eradication of poverty. She also believes that women’s rights groups have gone beyond simply seeking equality for women, and established human rights groups that help in fighting for the rights of everyone in society from the vanguard. In this way, they play a big role in establishing a strong civil society. Additionally, she believes that civil societies give democracy strong ties and enhance pluralism. Strong civil societies act as the society’s watchdogs in events such as elections. They merge with NGOs and assist each other in rectifying the ills in society. Bhutto attributes excellence to trusting the Almighty God. Zakat is a term used in Islam meaning charity. She asserts that everything is gifted to us by God, and that nothing on earth is truly ours. It is, therefore, important that Muslim societies learn to be charitable. In her belief, the Muslim world’s decline can not be fully attributed to the negativity and injustices of colonialism. It also cannot be attributed to power distribution to other states and economies around the world. It is partially due to the roles and cultural beliefs of the Islamic society. Muslims must, therefore, take responsibility and remain accountable for the type of progress or regress that happens in their states. One approach they can use is by drafting agendas and taking measures in the eradication of poverty. She asserts that the Muslim states must support each other and share teachings as well as their wealth with all members of society. This is the only way they can clear differences between themselves in society to create a worldwide united front. This way, they can achieve wealth and financial assistance from each other to secure a good future for their unborn children.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Reconciliation involves facing out the internal differences before facing the outward pressures that split the Western cultures and the Muslim nations. Bhutto asserts heavily that the internal problems are buried within the ignorance and rigidity of the Islamic religion. For the Islamic nations to achieve development, they must embrace change, charity, development, micro credit systems, and acquire responsibility. These among other minor steps will carry them out of the modern extremities associated with Islam. I believe that the eradication of militant training camps would be the first and most crucial steps because that is where we need to start. Giving the children hope and education will eventually set a basis for the introduction of the other points of change required to reform Islam. Works Cited Bhutto, Benazir. Reconciliation – Islam, Democracy the West. New York: Simon Schuster UK Ltd, 2008. Print. This essay on Islam, Democracy and the West Summary was written and submitted by user Dream1ngCelest1al to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wilson Surname Meaning

Wilson Surname Meaning Wilson is a patronymic surname meaning son of Will, a popular name during medieval times. The given name Will may have derived from any of several names containing the Germanic element wil, meaning desire. The most common was as a short form of William. Wilson is the fifth most common surname in Australia, the eighth most common surname in England, and the tenth most common surname in the United States. Surname Origin:  English, ScottishAlternate Surname Spellings:  WILLSON, WILSONE, WILLS, WILLESON, WULSON Fun Facts About the Wilson Surname Wilson Sporting Goods, known well for its golf and tennis equipment, began life as the Ashland Manufacturing Company in Chicago in 1913, was later renamed the Thomas E. Wilson Company in 1916 for its president, Thomas E. Wilson Co. In 1931 the company became the Wilson Sporting Goods Company. Famous People with the Surname Wilson Woodrow Wilson - Twenty-eighth president of the United StatesBertha Wilson - first woman Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada ...Thomas E. Wilson - Wilson Sporting Goods was named for himAugust Wilson - American playwright Genealogy Resources for the Surname WILSON 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Common Australian Surnames: Wilson is the 5th most common surname in Australia.Wilson Surname DNA Project: Join other Wilson males in sorting out the various Wilson ancestral lines around the world through Y Chromosome DNA testing.How to Research English Ancestors: Trace your British roots back to England and beyond with the steps outlined in this English genealogy guide. Learn how to locate your ancestors county and/or parish in England, plus how to access vital records, census records and parish records.Wilson Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Wilson family crest or coat of arms for the Wilson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line d escendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - WILSON Genealogy: Explore over 15 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Wilson surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.WILSON Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts a free mailing lists for researchers of the Wilson surname.DistantCousin.com - WILSON Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name WILSON.The Wilson Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Hunt from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Immense Possibilities Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Immense Possibilities - Movie Review Example The stories have so far found encouragment and positive response (I.P). Over 50 million and one in eight Americans faced food shortage. This will have direct impact on the future generation and kids requirements. Set of volunteers group to address this and find alternatives and assistance programs to help the common American citizens. Ashland Food Bank a non profit based entity entertains people who are short of food supplies. One quarter of them are homeless while three quarters have a home yet have shortage. Fund raisers are organized for this purpose. The design of the building is purposefully designed in a colorful pattern to send out positive messages of help and hope (Ashland). One in fifteen American parents had their taste of parenthood during the tender age of teen days. It is a mix of challenges and new horizons for many of them. Squires aims to address this situation and help the teen parents on this account. Some of them brace up for the challenge prioritizing their past patterns and thinking of the children in first place. The higher rates of social disturbances are attributed to the absence of proper parenthood in American society. A platform such as this one provides guidelines and directives for such scenarios because this process is quite hard in terms of emotional stablity and handling pressure (I.P). The decomposition of living material and the plants recycle into a fossil fuels and bio fuels production from within. However the industrial needs and petroleum extraction has led to an imbalance which is called the loop. Converting the dirt back into soil is through the organic matter injection. It requires a standarized chemistry based procedure. Bacteria needs to be reproduced in a contained environment. Earthworms are also used for this purpose. Composting is another method suggested but with scale consideration. The inorganic salts sellers and pesticide sellers need to be checked in this matter. Composting also requires little amount

Dekalb Hospital Site Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Dekalb Hospital Site Description - Essay Example Currently, the organization is not affiliated to any academic institution. It has one full time specialized position, no part time specialized position and is an accredited residency site. Dekalp’s practice type is a hospital with 201 beds though its average patient rate 70. Its basic services are medical/ surgery, ICU, ER, psychiatry, and infectious disease but it also offers services in alcohol and drug therapy, rest care, diagnosis image, occupational therapy, orthopedics, physical therapy, and skilled nursing care. It also offers radiology services besides distributive services such as centralized unit dose distribution, decentralized unit dose distribution, IV preparation, TPN compounding, chemotherapy compounding among others. Further, it offers non distributive services such as patient rounds, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic consults, IV to PO conversion, drug information, newsletter provision, P&T committee/Formulatory development, Nursing/Physician/other healthcare prac titioner education, chart writing privileges, laboratory test order protocol, infectious disease service, nutritional support service and anticoagulation service. The organization monitors its patients on an average of 30 to 40 patients per day and adopts a bar-coding identification for non-distributive services. Its documentation system is Car Fusion-med Mind with application of barcode scanning, medication dispensing cabinets and robots for automation. The hospital derives its economics of practice from Medicare, Medicaid and private pay insurance on a 30 percent, 10 percent, and 50 percent contribution basis. The pharmacy is securely situated on the left side of the lobby on the hospital’s first floor and is under tight security that approves all entries. Once in the pharmacy that is about 800 squires, there is a wide working table at the centre and the director’s office to the right. The pharmacy’s products are

Ancient Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ancient Rome - Essay Example The paper tells that the wonders of ancient Rome are many. It is easy to understand why historians feel that this society was the highpoint of the ancient world. This opinion is supported by the fact that so much of ancient Rome is still alive today in the cultures of the West. One way that the ancient Romans have affected the world is through the invention of the republican form of government. Their conversion of Greek direct democracy into a system of government that allowed the masses to participate while incorporating checks and balances to protect against corruption is a marvel. Many of the liberal representative democracies in Europe and North America are based in some way on the Roman Republic. Consuls, tribunes and the senate have modern counterparts in the House of Representatives, Senate and President in the United States. This form of government has spread all over the world thanks to the focus on individual and human rights that must be protected in order for this sort of democracy to work. Another way the Romans influenced our current world is through their focus on the rule of law. Roman laws were codified in The Twelve Tables. This became a foundation for all of Roman law that was to be enacted throughout the empire. The Roman emphasis on the rule of law ensured that justice could be guaranteed for all Roman citizens throughout the Roman Empire. This security encouraged trade and travel all over the Empire. Establishing the rule of law helps many Western nations today ensure that all citizens are treated fairly regardless of race or religious affiliation. A final influence that can be seen in America specifically is the connection between religion and politics. It is campaign season in America, and even though the Constitution of the United States declares freedom of religion, the religious and moral beliefs of the candidates is of great importance. It is reported in the news almost daily. Roman politicians were among the first to manipulate the religious beliefs of the population in an effort to win votes. The modern politics of religion have their origins with the orators and politicians of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. In class we talked about the ‘cradles of civilization’ we discussed four major ones, what are the similarities of these areas and are they the only ones? Along with the cradles of civilization what are the general characteristics of ‘complex societies or civilizations’? Physical geography is the major unifying feature of the ‘cradles of civilization’. Civilization started in geographic locations where a food surplus was easy to obtain. All of civilization is founded on the ability to raise more food than each individual farmer needs. This excess food leads to specialization of labor and provides the means for the beginnings of trade. All early civilizations started in places where some outstanding physical feature allowed for the creation of surplus food. I n the case of the earliest civilizations, the physical feature was a river valley. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia were supported by the Tigris and Euphrates, the Harappans had the Indus, the Egyptians had the Nile and the Chinese had the Huang He. Rivers provided a source of food through fishing and irrigation for crops. As civilization developed, they also provided a means of transportation. Physical geography also affected later civilizations such as the Greeks and the Romans. Access to fertile, grain producing regions in Sicily and Crimea caused much of the imperial expansion and diplomatic intrigue for both of these civilizations. As each of these river valley civilizations grew, they developed certain characteristics that all complex civilizations seem to share. The first of these is a means of social stratification that is possibly justified or explained through religious beliefs and teachings. This is seen in Egypt through the

Object Oriented Programming

Object Oriented Programming There are many definitions in different sources. Some of them are like: Object-oriented programming is a method of programming based on hierarchy of classes, and well-defined and cooperating objects (Oracle, 2010a) Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is different from procedural programming languages in several ways. Everything in OOP is grouped as objects. OOP, defined in the purest sense, is implemented by sending messages to objects (IBM, 1995a) Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around objects rather than actions and data rather than logic (TechTarget, 2008) So in other words, OOPs is a type of programming in which the programmers have to define not only the data type of a data structure but also the functions or operations to be applied to the data structure. By doing this, the data structure converts to an object including both data and functions. Java, Python, Visual Basic .NET, Ruby, Smalltalk and C++ are among the popular OOP languages. The OOP starts with first step as identification of all the objects to be manipulated and how they identify each other. This is often called as data modelling. Once the object has been identified, we have to label it as objects class and also have to define the type of data contained in it and any logical sequences that can manipulate it. A distinct logic sequence is known as method. An instance of class is called as an object. The object runs in machine (computer). Computer instructions are provided by methods and the data is provided by the object characteristics. OOPs Principles OOP deals with objects, and to define it, w should know the types of objects which are described in class. Objects are instances of class. A class contains methods and attributes. Attributes are used to represent an object by using a dot, like: anObject.someAttribute; the attribute can be any type even same as an object type. Methods are used to represent the working of an object like: anObject.someMethod(parameters); The difference between attribute and method is that an attribute can only contain a value or a state but a method can also do some functioning. In the programming world, there is not any definition of OOP which can be accepted by all at same time but certain principles have been formed to help in understanding OOPs (Filimon, 2007a): Modularity it means to break the program code into different parts which can then easily be interlinked to make a well organized program. Figure 1: Modularity (Filimon, 2007b) Encapsulation it is linked to modularity. According to this, everything except the interface of an object should be hidden and precisely located, so the actual implementation can easily be changed, with an improvement to the program security (Filimon 2007a). Figure 2: Encapsulation (IBM, 1995b) Inheritance this is the main reason in the fine working of OOP. It allows a class to have the same behaviour as another class and extend or remove that behaviour to provide special action for specific needs (IBM, 1995a) Figure 3: Inheritance (Oracle, 2010b) This diagram shows the class hierarchy as it descends from java.lang.Object for the classes in the user interface. Benefits of OOP With the help of inheritance, a programmer can eliminate the redundant code and extends the use of available code. Classes Programs can be built from the working modules which interact with one another, rather than starting the code again from scratch. Due to this, lots of development time is saved and production is higher. Because of data hiding, the programs are designed not be touched by the codes in other parts of the program and this provides greater system security and avoids unintended corruption. Multiple instances of an object can coexist without any interference. Easy to break the work in parts based on objects. Easily small to large systems upgradation of OO systems. With the help of the concept of data classes, a programmer can create any new data type which is not already defined in the language. Code reuse; polymorphism. Errors are caught when compiling rather than at runtime. Works like the way real world works. Easily to map a real world problem to a solution in OO code. Disadvantages of OOP OOP takes more time to execute as it is a high level concept and many routines run at back at the time of execution. Artificial class relations. We can easily make break the program making it more suitable according to us but if the programming is based on real world problem then the modified structure is not similar to what exist in real. Unnecessary complications. Wastage of time in case of small coding programs. Due to inheritance, it is hard to read the code. If u have classes inheriting other classes, then you might end up with code again and again to figure out which method is called. How OOP is used in Software Development? In any complexity of software development, OOP is the best to solve the issue. These are the areas where OOP is used (Buyya et al, 2009): Image processing Pattern recognition Computer assisted concurrent engineering Computer aided design and manufacturing Computer aided teaching Intelligent systems Database management systems Web based applications Distributed computing and applications Component based applications Business process reengineering Enterprise resource planning Data security and management Mobile computing Data warehousing and data mining Parallel computing OOP just helps us to load the real world problem into software which can be modified in different ways depending on the needs. Once a code generated for any software can be used again and again to serve other applications with same functions. This helps in saving lots of time for the programmers and also helps in making the program flexible so that it can be easily modified when there is need. I think OOP is not a successful approach to a beginner in programming because programming is not easy until the programmer does not know what objects or classes are. OOP have many advantages but they will work for the programmers having good knowledge in the concepts of programming. Despite all the advantages, a beginner cannot distinguish between the classes, objects or any other things which makes it difficult to understand. So I think a beginner should start with low level programs to learn the basic concepts and then move to OOP. References Buyya, R., Somasundaram, SS. and Chu, X. (2009) Object Oriented Programming with Java: Essentials and Applications. New Delhi, India: McGraw-Hill. Filimon, T. (2007a) Object Oriented Programming [online]. Available from: http://teodorfilimon.com/articles/OOP/Object-Oriented-Programming.htm. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. Filimon, T. (2007b) Object Oriented Programming [online image]. Available from: http://teodorfilimon.com/articles/OOP/Object-Oriented-Programming.htm. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. IBM. (1995a) Introduction: What is Object-Oriented Programming? [online]. Available from: http://www.inf.ufsc.br/poo/smalltalk/ibm/tutorial/oop.html#oop. [Accessed 12th January 2011]. IBM. (1995b) Introduction: What is Object-Oriented Programming? [online image]. Available from: http://www.inf.ufsc.br/poo/smalltalk/ibm/tutorial/oop.html#oop. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. Oracle. (2010a) essentials of the Java Programming Language: A Hands-On Guide part 2 [online]. Available from: http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/Programming/BasicJava2/oo.html. [Accessed 12th January 2011]. Oracle. (2010b) essentials of the Java Programming Language: A Hands-On Guide part 2 [online]. Available from: http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/Programming/BasicJava2/oo.html. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. TechTarget. (2008) Object Oriented Programming [online]. Available from: http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/object-oriented-programming. [Accessed 12th January 2011].

Analysis of Much Madness is Divinest Sense by Emily Dickinson Essay

In 'Much Madness is divinest Sense' (435), a definition poem, Emily Dickinson criticizes society's inability to accept rebellion, arguing that the majority is the side that should in fact be considered 'mad.' The perception of madness and insanity are a common theme among Dickinson's poetry, as she fought against society's tainted view of herself as crazy. She focuses on how judgmental society is on non conformist views when she describes the majority as 'discerning' (line 2). As similar to most of her poetry, she writes in iambic meter and uses slant rhyme, as lines one, three, and seven end with 'Sense', 'Madness', 'dangerous', and lines six and eight, in 'sane' and 'Chain' in seemingly rhyme scheme. Dickinson credits the majority with prevailing, however, anyone who disagrees is considered a threat to society and sentenced to punishment. MacDonald agues that 'Much Madness in divinest Sense,' (435) features one of Dickinson?s more disturbing themes, using ?dark imagery of confinement and fear? (1) to draw the reader into the subject of madness. A division between society?s view of acceptable and appropriate is made between that which is considered against the norm, or mad. Tying into a current issue at the time MacDonald suggests among contemporary writers of the time, Dickinson?s poetry is in response to the Civil War, as it questions ?the purity of the nation,? (1) challenging readers to understand the sanity of the war itself. However, this critique does not limit Dickinson?s poem in response to the Civil War, as ?madness? can suggest more than simply the immorality of slavery in the late 1880s. This ?madness? is also compared with the normalcy during the 1800s that ?women should marry and lead lives for the benef... ...fined only by authority. Dickinson does not conform to society?s norm with her slanted rhyme scheme, random capitalization, and peculiar use of punctuation, fitting herself into the society?s view of ?mad?. She illustrates to the reader that individually, we have the choice whether or not to choose the desires set for ourselves or conform to the desires others have for us. Through her writing Dickinson also proves the awareness she had of the perception society held of her. Works Cited: Kattleman, Beth. Poetry for Students, Vol. 16, Gale 2002. Critical Essay Source Database: Literature Resource Center MacDonald, Deneka Candace. Poetry for Students, Vol. 16, Gale 2002. Critical Essay Source Database: Literature Resource Center Oates, Joyce Carol. Soul at the White Heat: The Romance of Emily Dickinson?s Poetry. Vol. 13, No. 4. 1987. pp. 806-824.

Elder Care Law Essay

All laws are created in an effort to insure equal treatment of the citizens of the land regardless of sex, ethnicity, race, and age. The general laws of the land are meant to protect the citizens who are powerless to protect themselves. The most critical of these protective laws belong to the laws that protect the children. But recently, it has been noted that there has been an increase in the aging population of the land. Currently, the elderly of the land stand at 14 percent, with the numbers increasing on a daily basis. You may think that the percentage of the existing elderly is small. But the truth is that most consumer fraud crimes, about 30 percent at least, is planned to take advantage of the retired and elderly who may have some extra disposable income on hand. The numbers are even more alarming when you consider the percentage by age bracket. Of these numbers, approximately 83 percent will end up in a nursing home and be at the mercy of strangers. They will also most likely outlive their financial resources and when this happens, the abuse cycle may begin for the unsuspecting elderly person. Admittedly, these elderly have gotten to a point in their lives wherein they either cannot protect themselves from the harm that others wish to cause them, or, the very people meant to care for them have lost their way and began to maltreat them. The percentage value of those elderly abused in nursing homes as of 2001 clocked in at approximately 9,000 abuse violations occurring in 5,283 nursing homes. This is the reality that some of the elderly of the land face and have to deal with either on their own or with loved ones in these modern times. Further research reveals that more than 40 percent of these violations will not be reported to the authorities by the elderly person but by well intentioned people who know them. This is the main reason why the Elder Care laws that have been created for this specific section of society must be implemented by well versed and specifically trained Elder Care lawyers. The elderly sometimes do not wish to cross their care givers and submit to the violation and abuse because they believe it is the only way to survive. There are unscrupulous people out there who target the elderly and what little pension they have. They use the loopholes of the legal system to take advantage of the elderly who do not understand too much about legalities or choose to not be bothered by legalities. Hence the unique legal situation that the elderly often find themselves in. The elderly need a lawyer who can give their special legal needs the proper time and attention to details that it requires. For example, laws governing guardianships, healthcare directives, and mental health decisions are not easily understood nor explained to the elderly and their family. It takes a lawyer with heart to explain the intricacies of the laws to the elderly and the family. That is the role of the Elder Care lawyer. To be heart and caring embodiment of the law that could seem cold and uncaring when handled by ordinary, cut and dried, by the book lawyer. I believe that an Elder Care lawyer must look at the elderly not as just a basic client but somebody who trusts him or her enough to cooperate with him in the legal planning of the rest of their lives. The elderly usually feel abandoned and vulnerable at their ages and will cling to anybody who shows the least bit of care for them. This makes them prone to all sorts of abuse and often feeling that they have nowhere to turn to get out of the situation. By having lawyers who specialize in Elder Care law, they will come to realize that they are not alone and there are legal remedies that can be had to prevent or end the current abusive situation they are in. For the family of the elderly, having an Elder Care lawyer to talk to regarding the current situation their parents helps them to act in the best interest of the relative, but within the confines of the laws that were created to protect the interests of the elderly from those who may want to abuse their rights and privileges simply based upon a kinship issue. An Elder Care lawyer can be there to guide them through the do’s and don’ts of the system in order to avoid any legal complications that may arise from their actions in the future. As the elderly of the land continue to grow in population, more and more laws will be enacted either on a state wide or national level. Keeping this in mind, we will come to realize that having lawyers who specialize in Elder Care law will come to be just as important as lawyers who specialize in inheritance or tax laws.

Service and Operational Excellence Essays - Mobile Phone, New Media

Service and Operational Excellence Essays - Mobile Phone, New Media BPP Coursework Cover Sheet Please use the table below as your cover sheet for the 1st page of the submission. The sheet should be before the cover/title page of your submission. ProgrammeBSc Business Management Module nameService and Operational Excellence QAA Level Schedule TermSummer term 2015 Student Reference Number (SRN)1045555 Report/Assignment TitleBusiness Operations (Mobile shop) Date of Submission (Please attach the confirmation of any extension received)18/08/2015 Declaration of Original Work: I hereby declare that I have read and understood BPPs regulations on plagiarism and that this is my original work, researched, undertaken, completed and submitted in accordance with the requirements of BPP Business School. The word count, excluding contents table, bibliography and appendices, is 2542 words. Student Reference Number:1045555Date: 18/08/2015 By submitting this coursework you agree to all rules and regulations of BPP regarding assessments and awards for programmes. Please note, submission is your declaration you are fit to sit. BPP University reserves the right to use all submitted work for educational purposes and may request that work be published for a wider audience. BPP Business School Table of Contents Operational Challenges3 4 Vs Model3 The 5 performance objectives4 Processes & Layout5 Improvements in Service Delivery6 Bibliography7 Is a small independent mobile shop located in the hub of Ilford high street, a 4 minutes walk away from Ilford station, surrounded by all types of different and businesses of the same sector. The high street is visited by all types of customers local and tourists, day to day customers and long term customers too. The business timings are 11:00- 21:00 Monday to Sunday. (the business) is visited by regular customers and even walk by customers which is certain due to the nature of the business itself. (the business) offers a wide range of services and products related to mobile phones. They buy and sell used and new phones (mainly smart phones), they provide mobile phone accessories such as headphones, chargers, portable rechargeable chargers, screen protectors, phone covers, selfie sticks and all that you can think of related to mobile phones. (the business) also repairs damaged mobile phones with instant repairing service and even provide unblocking services. The shop is divided into three sections, mobile accessories, mobile repair/unblocking and mobile purchasing and selling. The retail shop is mainly supervised by the manager who tends to be flexible in terms of his job, however they have three more salesmen that work according to their rotating shifts. Operational Challenges 4 Vs Model In every operational process of a sector, the input is transformed into outputs (products and services.) This could be done in various ways, however the main one known is the 4 Vs mode which compiles with, Volume, Variety, Variation and Visibility. Volume could be defined as the degree of how many products or services are made by the operation in terms of quantity. Variety in simple words could be explained as the range of different products or services made by the operation. Variation is basically change in demand over time, and visibility can be understood as the extent to which the operations internal working are exposed in front of the customers. Since, (The business) is a retail mobile shop which delivers finished products and also provides aftersales services, in terms of volume, if the business is divided in to three parts which are buying and selling phones, accessories and repairs, each operation has a different level of contribution to the volume. For instance, buying and selling phones, the volume is low, not every customer decides to buy or sell a phone randomly on a high street, besides mobile phones could be bought easily elsewhere due to competitors. The demand is relatively low which causes a result of high cost as the business has mobile phones on display to be sold however sale is not guaranteed. Since its a small mobile shop located on the high street it cannot offer a wide range of mobile phones, variety on mobile phones is very low, the business would not be able to afford providing a range of different brand phones with different specifications and features, it would be almost impossible to fulfil anyones de mand, unless they can order and it for the customer making it more of a bespoke facility. Speaking of variation, since its technology the business is dealing with which gets updated every three month at least, it will be hard

micro essays

micro essays a) Fixed smear of Serratia marcescens et al Prepare a fixed smear of Serratia marcescens, et al, using proper aseptic technique. Cover the dried, heat-fixed smear with paper towel. Drop carbolfuchsin onto the paper towel. Steam the smear for five minutes over the slightly boiling water. Let the slide cool for about a minute. Take the paper towel off with forceps and rinse the slide with water. Drop acid-alcohol onto the slide and rinse immediately with distilled water. Rock the smear in acid-alcohol to decolorize it for about 15 seconds. Rinse with distilled water. Add methylene blue to the smear. Wait one minute and then rinse with distilled water. Blot slide and let dry. a) Fixed smear of Bacillus subtillis Prepare a fixed smear of Bacillus subtillis using aseptic technique. Place a piece of paper towel over the dried, heat-fixed smear. Drop the malachite green onto the paper towel. Steam over the slightly boiling water for five minutes. Cool the slide for one minute, remove paper towel, and decolorize using a water rinse from 15 to 30 seconds. Drop safranin onto the smear and wait one minute. Rinse with distilled water. Blot the slide and let dry. After completing the acid-fast stain and the Gram stain, the microbiology student knows how to prepare an acid-fast stain and a Gram stain correctly and aseptically. ...

Significant influence that the 1900,1904,1908,1912 and 1916 Olympic Research Paper

Significant influence that the 1900,1904,1908,1912 and 1916 Olympic games had in the world - Research Paper Example At a political level, the games bring together people from many nations, with different religious, cultural and economic backgrounds. This makes the Games a mosaic of the entire gamut of human civilization. (Wallechinsky, 2004) This essay will pertain itself those episodes of the Olympic Games that took place in the early decades of the twentieth century. These episodes are quite significant in that they played an influential role in shaping social and political developments to follow. The rest of this essay will further elaborate on this thesis. The 1900 Summer Olympic Games was a very colorful event, given that it took place in the cultural capital of Europe – Paris. In the Olympic events of this period, there were no awarding of Gold, Silver and Bronze medals. Hence, medals were awarded to the top three athletes retrospectively. It then emerged that France, the host nation won most of the Gold, Silver and Bronze medals, followed by the United States and Great Britain. Compe titions were held for a total of 20 disciplines. These disciplines included Archery, Tennis, Rugby, Swimming, Athletics, Sailing, Equestrian, Polo, Golf, among many others. (Kamper & Mallon, 1992) But most importantly, it included events for women athletes and in this respect can be viewed as a path-breaking event. ... (Wallechinsky, 2004) The next edition of the Games was held in the United States, which was at the time an emerging global power. Hosted by St. Louis, Missouri, this event cemented United States' status as an important imperial power in global politics. New sports such as Dumbbells, Freestyle wrestling, Decathlon and Boxing were introduced in this event. The host nation won a majority of the medals, followed by Germany and Cuba. Since many of the athletes were amateurs at this time, their long naval voyage across the Atlantic had sapped them of energy and fitness. This made the competition skewed in favor of host nation's athletes, who easily won on many occasions. Yet, Germany managed to upstage other European nations in the medals tally – a sign of its growing stature in Europe. The political relations between America and European countries was amicable at this stage. But it would turn uncertain in a few years time, as the United States and Germany would be facing off on opp osing sides during the First World War. (Crowther, 2007) The following edition of Summer Olympics saw the Games' return to Europe, with London being the host city. It is interesting to note that all the nations that played host to the Games during the early decades of the twentieth century were imperialist powers with global political ambitions. So the Olympics were not merely an exhibition of sporting talent, as there was also national pride and political prestige at stake. The number of participant teams increased in this edition. As expected Great Britain, the host nation, topped the medals tally, with 56 Golds, 51 Silvers and 39 Bronzes. It was followed by the United States, Sweden and France. The historical diplomatic relations between Great Britain and the United States, which

Summative Coursework Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Summative Coursework Assignment - Essay Example Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is dealing with various accounting principles and guidelines for undertaking the implementation of accounting practices. But on the other hand, financial accounting is also important for evaluating the profitability of the business entity. Accounting is a system used by the business entity to measure its financial performance. There are several branches of accounting are available, but among them both management and financial accounting is relevant. The main emphasis in management accounting is to establish the relationship between cause and effect of a particular activity. More over, it is multi disciplinary in nature, because it is a combination of several disciplines like financial accounting, cost accounting, statistics, etc. In this case, the net profit of the company is goes on increasing, but at the same time, the cash in hand is decreasing to certain extend. Cash is a critical asset, which plays an important role in business. Cash flow statement is a statement showing the change in cash position from one period to another. Because it is possible to identify the causes of changes in cash balance between the two balance sheet dates. While preparing cash flow statement mainly it is essential to consider both actual cash flows and notional cash flows. Cash Flow Statement For the year ended 2002 Particulars Amount (in m) Cash used in operation. Issue of shares. Cash generated Add: Opening cash balance Cash balance at the end (1) 6 5 4 9 Calculation of Cash from operation Particulars Amount (in m) Net profit Add: provision for taxation. Funds from operation. Add: decrease in debtors. Less: decrease in creditors. Cash used in operation. 4 6 10 8 18 (19) (1) Adjusted Profit and Loss Account Particulars Amount (in m) Particulars Amount (in m) Provision for taxation. Depreciation of FA (balancing figure) Closing balance 6 14 (6) Opening balance Funds from operation. 4 10 14 14 Workings:- Here, there is no disposal of assets takes place in the year 2001 and 2002, therefore the difference between the value of assets in both years are considered as the amount of depreciation, such as- [166_152] = 14m. Propose Dividend Account Particulars Amount (in m) Particulars Amount (in m) Cash (dividend paid) Closing balance 7 9 Opening balance. Balance transferred to Profit and loss account. 7 9 16 16 While preparing the cash flow statement of a business organization, it is possible to understand about the causes of changes in the cash flow position of a business unit. Through which, it is possible to identify that the reduction of cash balance inspite of increase in income or for increase of cash balance in spite of decrease in income. This statement consists of opening cash balance and all sources of cash and all applications of cash and ends with the closing balance of cash. More over, here the changes in current assets and current liabilities are adjusted in the amount of cash from operation. It is necessary for a firm to keep adequate amount of cash in hand for making immediate payments. The major responsibility of the financial manager is to plan cash and maintain adequate cash balance. A cash flow statement is considered as a summarized cash account. In addition to this,

Manufacturing of Porous Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Manufacturing of Porous Steel - Essay Example The new industrial methodology for manufacturing and producing Porous Steel is a relatively new invention and was patented only recently in 2006-2007 through its Korean inventors Rin-soon, Yongsang, Wonjong-dong, Ojeong-gu, and Bucheon. (WO/2007/018403) Porous steel is a special type of steel which requires a method of manufacturing steel through special preparation of the metallic bodies with plural cores which are coated and then rearranging them in contact with each other in a certain position which allows the pores to be formed there between, and thus the arranged metal bodies are heated to be point welded. (WO/2007/018403) The above mentioned Porous methodology allows the pores formed in the porous special steel to be flexible enough to be able to change according to the size of the metallic bodies. This further allows other special steels to be manufactured with ease and flexibility according to the kind of cores and coating metals. (WO/2007/018403) Porous Steel manufacture relates to a method of manufacturing the special steel in diverse shapes and sizes due to its flexible pores. This is a novel invention in a time of heavy industrial development whereas the improvement in life environment necessitates an increasing need in the Steel industry for flexible raw materials. Porous steel is different from the traditional metallic steel products in the sense that they are found in powdery or other solid forms but the porous special steel with its flexible shapes and sizes has appeared in the various industrial uses and works better than ordinary steel by securing sufficient pores therein. This property of the metal allows to also serve a filtration purpose which having a function of filtering particles contained in gas or liquid can then be utilized as a highly efficient heat resistant material due to its qualities of excellent air permeability and conduciveness to heat. There is however a problem which can technically hinder the use of the porous steel. The conventional method of making Porous steel consists of a number of steps for example it will include the salts to be welded to each other and placed in a press die ,where as the raw metal will have lower fusion points. (Lee et al 2007) However the problem is that not only does this require a heavy use of equipment (like the use of magnanimous press dies in order to permeate the salts and metal into the raw metal) but the welding process can prove to be a nuisance in itself. (Lee et al 2007) However the inventors have also presented a new methodology to get around these complications with ease by the arrangement of metallic bodies in which a plurality of cores thereof is coated with metal. Such a method warrants better achievement of the dexterous task of manufacturing porous special steel, which is capable of manufacturing even complex-shaped special steel with ease. This will involve the coating of the cores of the metallic bodies with ferromagnetic metal. Then these metallic bodies will be magnetized to allow the arrangement to build a magnetic force between the metallic bodies. (Molin et al 2008). The method allows for the provision of easily manufacturing special steel alloys based on various cores and coated metals which are then capable of changing the

The Development Of Fashion In Indian History Essay Example for Free

The Development Of Fashion In Indian History Essay Fashion has been referred by many as a consciousness of the mind. In most cases, when the term fashion is mentioned, what comes to the mind is the notion of a cloth style but the truth is that the concept entails a wide range of things be it footwear, accessories, headgear or even hairstyles. It is what one thinks it is beautiful that makes one comfortable and thus it could be said to be relative as it is not universal. It may mean simplicity to one person while to another person it would mean modernity and glamour. Fashion was simply a western phenomenon originally meant for the elite class but was later exposed to other people due to globalization. Fashion like fads come and go or in other words, they exist for sometime and are replaced by others and this is something that is evident when the track record for the Indian fashion is traced back from the early 20th century up to the turn of the century.   This research paper is going to specifically focus on Indian fashion and will trace its development track and discuss in depth about the changes that occurred in every stage and give the factors that motivated that change. This paper starts by giving a short but concise introduction about fashions and then continues to discuss about the historical development of Indian fashion in its main body and concludes by recapping the most important points that have been raised. Fashion in India started being taken seriously when the nation opened up to the western world’s ideologies which with them, different cultures and dressing styles were born but there was need to safeguard and protect the national values and cultures. For this reason, the Indians developed their own traditional styles and decided to hold on to them lest their cultures and values be swept away by the western fashion’s wave. Indian fashions evolved due to regionalism, climatic conditions and due to necessity and thus were more of a cultural, religious and tribal identity[1]. Indeed a lot of fashion metamorphosis could be said to have taken place as far as Indian fashion is concerned like from the 1920’s flapper girls who were oblivious of the conventional mode of dressing and looked it with contempt to the 21st century’s elegant fashions. The 1920s period was commonly referred to as the ‘roaring twenties’ and was reflective of Charleston era. In the 1920s, change in fashion in India was basically influenced by social movements advocating for equal treatment of women and in this respect, business like dressing codes were adopted something that greatly attracted women. Though this was the case, the 1920s period was unstable period to the Indians as it was the time the western influence was at its fullest and thus anything considered Indian was of lower status that the western one and thus Indian fashions had borrowed much from the western world. In short, the 20s fashion was associated with wealth and thus was a thing of the rich as the poor went for the hand stitched or the hand made clothes however, due to their high demand those tailors became entrepreneurs and kept boutiques thereby making a fortune. People would prefer western fashions to theirs for example the Charleston dresses which had long laced sleeves either made of silk, satin or cotton. The 1920s period being influenced by equality movements, a class of women who were business-like emerged and preferred clothes which were either grey or black in color and made of [2]either georgettes or silk. â€Å"In India, the fashion scenario was in confusion as it was an unstable period. Thus fashion trends were strongly influenced by the British, with the result that western clothes became a status symbol†[3]. As each decade had something new, the 1930s period show the reduction of western influence in fashion and witnessed the rise of communism, fascism and socialism something that led to the women’s fashions becoming more and more feminine while strongly holding on to their conservative ideas[4]. During this period, the 1920s clothes such as angarkhas, jamas and chogas lost taste and there place was taken by achkan, sherwani and chapkan. According to researches that have been done, these clothes are still fashionable today and in fact are the standard mode of dressing for men. At this time the emergence of Indian cinemas played an important role in the emergence of the 1930s fashion. Clothes that exaggerated body figures would be worn something that went in line with cabaret and vamp culture. Though western influence was greatly waning over this period, the Indian women would still be seen wearing western clothes such as the ghagras, kurtas, odhnis and peshwaz during ceremonial functions and religious festivities but would make sure that though clothes would be mostly western they would wear clothes that were hand-woven and most of the clothes that were worn at this time were dark colored[5]. The 1940s decade did not see much of fashion change as there were a lot of things that were happening in the world for example the Second World War and the Indian Independence movement and thus most of the clothes that were worn by women were generally functional. However, there were some small changes which were happening in terms of fashion that are worth noting for example, clothes with pinched waist and hips and then matched with a short fluted jacket could be worn by Indians[6]. Also this historical period brought with it some revolutionary changes in the Indian fashion as Japanese imported fashions such as georgette, silk and   chiffon which prior to 1940s were very much in use were replaced by South Indian hand woven silks. By gaining independence, Indians felt tired of mimicking western fashions and thus concentrated and cherished theirs something that characterized the 1050s period. Much of the attention focused on the Indian blouse which shortened than it was prior to this period. This blouse came to be known as choli and the style came to be reffred to as katori which replaced the western one. The mentality that western clothes were long lasting and that would even last longer if repaired, vanished and henceforth, those clothes would be given to charity homes or be put into dustbins. Also something else characteristic of this period was the silhouette balloon skirts with narrow waist[7]. The 1960s represents a very important period in the evolution of Indian fashion. It witnessed various inventions and particularly the production of synthetics for example; brass, silver and mud were replaced by plastic and silk and cotton was replaced by polyester and nylon fabrics â€Å"New types of materials such as plastic film and coated polyester fabrics became popular. Tight kurtas with churidars and miniskirts became fashionable. The era also ushered in the age of synthetics†[8]. This period represented not only a battle between modernity and traditions but also a battle between values and lifestyles. Though nylon had replaced saris, it came back in 1964 both with a new look and wearing style for example, it would be worn below the navel in a manner that would exaggerate the curves. Also in this period, the place of salwars was taken by nylon pants. The clothes that came to be referred to as Kumar’s forte emerged at this period and were as a result of the embracement of Indian clothing styles by other nations in the world[9]. Kumar was able to put the word fashion in an Indian context something that made him to popular nationwide. The 1970s period in Indian fashion is commonly referred to as the me decade’ and was also a period that was referred to as anything goes culture. At this period, India started to produce materials in plenty with some used locally while others exported to other nations something that made its fashion to be popular worldwide[10]. In 1980s, the American fashion were selling internationally and were able to penetrate in India and some American designers such as Calvin Klein were very popular but nevertheless, their own fashion never died. In fact, silhouettes which were initially worn by women adopted a masculine nature and shoulder pads were put in salwars. With the invention of cable TV, teenagers got influenced by fashion shows that were aired as they targeted the youth who in turn influenced their elders. This ushered the millennium’s last decade, the 1990s which witnessed the rise of younger designers into the Indian fashion mainstream. This period also saw the replacement of Indian fashion by the German styles produced by designers such as such as Jil Sander and Helmut Lang. Today, people have realized the importance of preserving their fashion and protecting it from being eroded by foreign cultures and thus most Indians are going back to their ethnic cultures thereby increasing their demand with much credit going to Ritu Kumar whose role in reviving Indian fashion cannot be underrated. Unlike in the past where people thought anything foreign as modern and theirs as outdated, it has dawned on people that those were erroneous ways of thinking and have reverted to their old fashions which were reflective of their identity[11]. Indeed, Indian fashion is something that has under gone a lot of changes since 1900. Notable changes could be said to have started taking place with the coming of colonialists. Much of what took place during this time to a great extent was western in nature but people went holding on their fashions which were representative of both their cultural and ethnic identity. In the 1940s, with the achievement of independence, they deserted western cultures and came to value theirs more and this continued in the following decades. The 1960s in the Indian fashion history is the epitome of change as a lot took place including the invention of synthetic fibers. Today, Indians have gone to their former traditional way of live and have awakened to the fact that their culture is valuable than the western one unlike the 1920’s belief. References: India4world. Evolution of fashion. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.indiavisitinformation.com/indian-fashion/evolution-of-fashion.shtml Khatai, Ajit Bhimsen. 2001. Fashionable Crossovers. Available at   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0104/01040420.htm Mukerjee, Somshuvra. 2009. Changes in Fashion Trends among Women in India.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Available at http://somshuvra.instablogs.com/entry/changes-in-fashion-trends-   among-women-in-india/ Shea, Stuart. 2006. The 1960s Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Hip Happenings,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Swinging Sounds, and Out-of-sight Oddities. Brasseys. 4thmedia.com. 2008. Fashion and Lifestyle. Accessed from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://teamsugar.com/365194